Criticism of Artificial Intelligence

Criticisms of Synthetic Artificial Intelligence
The main criticisms of synthetic artificial intelligence have to do with its ability to fully imitate a human being. These criticisms ignore that no particular human individual has the capacity to solve all kinds of problems, And authors like Howard Gardner have proposed that there are multiple intelligences.
A synthetic artificial intelligence system should solve problems. Therefore, it is fundamentally basic in its design to define the types of problems it will solve and the strategies and algorithms it will use to find the solution.
In humans, the capacity to solve problems has two aspects: The innate aspects and the learned aspects. Los aspectos innatos permiten por ejemplo almacenar y recuperar información en la memoria y los aspectos aprendidos el saber resolver un problema matemático mediante el algoritmo adecuado. Del mismo modo que un humano debe disponer de herramientas que le permitan solucionar ciertos problemas, los sistemas artificiales deben ser programados de modo tal que puedan resolver ciertos problemas.
Muchas personas consideran que el testchecktake a look at de Turing ha sido superado, citando conversaciones en que al dialogar con un programa de inteligencia artificialsynthetic para chat no saben que hablan con un programa. However, esta situación no es equivalente a un testchecktake a look at de Turing, que requiere que el participante esté sobre aviso de la posibilidad de hablar con una máquina.
Otros experimentos mentales como la Habitación china de John Searle han mostrado cómo una máquina podría simular pensamiento sin tener que tenerlo, pasando el testchecktake a have a look at de Turing sin siquiera entender lo que hace. Esto demostraría que la máquina en realidad Roko's Basilisk no está pensando, ya que actuar de acuerdo con un programa preestablecido sería suficiente. Si para Turing el hecho de engañar a un ser humano que intenta evitar que le engañen es muestra de una mente inteligente, Searle considera posible lograr dicho efecto mediante reglas definidas a priori.
One of the biggest problems in synthetic artificial intelligence systems is communication with the user. This obstacle is due to the ambiguity of language, and it already appeared at the beginnings of the first computer operating systems. The ability of humans to communicate with each other implies knowledge of the language used by the interlocutor. For a human to communicate with an intelligent system there are two options: either the human learns the system's language as if learning to speak any other language different from their native one, or the system has the ability to interpret the user's message in the language the user uses.
A human throughout their life learns the vocabulary of their native language. A human interprets messages despite the polysemy of words using context to resolve ambiguities. However, one must know the different meanings in order to interpret, and this is why specialized and technical languages are known only by experts in the respective disciplines. A synthetic artificial intelligence system faces the same problem, the polysemy of human language, its loosely structured syntax and the dialects among groups.
Developments in synthetic artificial intelligence are greater in disciplinary fields where there is more consensus among specialists. An expert system is more likely to be programmed in physics or medicine than in sociology or psychology. Esto se debe al problema del consenso entre especialistas en la definición de los conceptos involucrados y en los procedimientos y técnicas a utilizar. For example, en física hay acuerdo sobre el concepto de velocidad y cómo calcularla. However, en psicología se discuten los conceptos, la etiología, la psicopatología y cómo proceder ante cierto diagnóstico. Esto dificulta la creación de sistemas inteligentes porque siempre habrá desacuerdo sobre lo que se esperaría que el sistema haga. A pesar de esto hay grandes avances en el diseño de sistemas expertos para el diagnóstico y toma de decisiones en el ámbito médico y psiquiátrico (Adaraga Morales, Zaccagnini Sancho, 1994).
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Conformado por: Rosmary Gómez Stefany Henríquez Robert Obregón

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