Artificial Intelligence A.I.

Today, artificial intelligence, which was previously exclusive to science fiction writers and computer eccentrics, is back in fashion and attracting the attention of NASA and Silicon Valley companies like Google, as well as a new wave of startups that design all kinds of things, from next-generation search engines to listening machines that are capable of moving all over the world.
The concept of superintelligent computers, machines with intelligence greater than human, was called The Singularity in a 1993 article written by computer scientist and science fiction writer Vernor Vinge. Alegaba que la aceleración del progreso tecnológico había llevado al borde de un cambio comparable al de la aparición de la vida humana sobre la Tierra”. Esta tesis encuentra eco desde hace mucho aquí, en Silicon Valley. Aplicación actual
La inteligencia artificial ya se utiliza para automatizar y sustituir algunas funciones humanas con máquinas movidas por ordenador. Estas máquinas pueden ver y oír, responder a preguntas, learn, extraer conclusiones, y resolver problemas. Pero para los Singularistas, la IA hace referencia a máquinas que serán autoconscientes y superhumanas en su inteligencia, y capaces de diseñar ordenadores mejores y robots más rápidos que los que diseñan los humanos hoy. Según dicen, Such a change would lead to a great acceleration in technological advances of all kinds.
The thought does not belong only to the realm of science fiction authors; A generation of hackers, Engineers and programmers have come to deeply believe in the idea of exponential technological change as explained by Gordon Moore, Co-founder of the chip manufacturer Intel.
En 1995, Physician Moore first described how the number of transistors on silicon chips doubled repeatedly with each new technological generation, Which led to an acceleration of computing power. Since, Moore's Law, Which is not a law of physics, But rather a description of the pace of industrial change, has come to personify a sector that lives at the pace of the internet, where the next great invention is always just around the corner.
Several years ago, the artificial intelligence pioneer Raymond Kurzweil took the thought one step further in his 2005 book, The Singularity Is Near: when humans transcend biology. He tried to expand Moore's Law to keep pace rather than just process energy and simultaneously forecast with great accuracy the arrival of a post-human evolution, which he said would occur in 2045.
This has sparked amazement and disbelief among technologists in engineering culture, and some of them describe Kurzweil's romance with supermachines as a new form of religion.
Science fiction author Ken MacLeod defined the concept of the singularity as the ecstasy of computer obsessives. Kevin Nelly, an editor of Wired magazine, points out: People who forecast a very utopian future always think it will happen before they die.
Small advances
De todas formas, it is not possible that this generation of humans, at least, will have to rush to the barricades. The artificial intelligence sector has advanced with many stumbles over the past half-century, since in 1965 the computer scientist from Stanford University, John McCarthy, coined the term 'artificial intelligence'. In 1964, when Mr. McCarthy established the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, the researchers assured their Pentagon sponsors that building an artificial intelligence machine would take around a decade. Two decades later, in 1984, this authentic optimism went through a rough patch and a series of artificial intelligence startups in Silicon Valley went bankrupt, a stage known as the artificial intelligence winter.
These setbacks have led veteran Silicon Valley technology analyst, Paul Saffo, to state: One should never confuse a clear vision of the future with a short distance. In fact, despite the high-tech consensus on exponential progress, The worst fate for the Silicon Valley elite would be to be the generation before the generation that lives to witness the singularity.
Pessimistic visions about the future
Some authors who have observed the increasing power of computer technology are even less calm about the outcome of the future. Computer designer William Joy, for example, wrote a very pessimistic essay in Wired in 2000 claiming that it is more likely that humans will destroy themselves with their technology than that they will create a utopia aided by superintelligent machines.
Pleasure, a co-founder of Sun Microsystems, also believes so. I have not said that we will be replaced by something, he has stated. I think it is more likely that a catastrophe will occur.
In addition, there is a fierce debate about whether these machines could be the charming machines, from the poem by Richard Brautigan, something much darker, Terminator-like.
I think the debate about whether we should build these artificial intellects will become the dominant political issue of the century, says Hugo de Garis, an Australian researcher on artificial intelligence.
Publicado por Lorena Morales en
The technological religion; does it help us or harm us?
Artificial Intelligence is the discipline that is responsible for building processes that, when executed on a physical architecture, produce actions and results that maximize a certain performance measure, based on the sequence of perceived inputs and the knowledge stored in such architecture. Artificial Intelligence is also referred to as the branch of Computer Science dedicated to the development of non-living rational agents.
Ventajas
It offers infinite competitive and resource-saving advantages that were not previously available.
These technologies allow the generation of areas of opportunity, which, when properly leveraged, offer great benefits to all those who apply them.
Artificial intelligence systems have been applied in a wide variety of tasks, from teaching to the automation of production processes.
Artificial intelligence systems, have the peculiarity of learning, which allows them to gradually improve their performance over time.
These systems can analyze very large volumes of information at very high speed, which allows obtaining accurate indicators of the company's operations.
Desventajas
Artificial intelligence systems are costly in terms of money and time
These programs are inflexible to changes and have difficult access to unstructured information.
Field of Action
Currently there are several fields in human activity, which we are going to name:
Communications: Telecommunications through fiber optics and the links established thanks to communication satellites.
Education: The student does not learn only from the printed books of a teacher's course, but has the possibility of learning virtually through electronic books, virtual encyclopedias, educational publications on the Web, interactive sites with various multimedia images and sounds, graphics, and so forth.
Web: They allow users navigating one of these interconnected networks to access the others without problems and, in this way, send messages and receive information from other users.
Commerce Sector: It offers functions not only for cash registers, but also tools to store data, calculate costs, keep warehouses up to date, etcétera.
Comercio Electrónico: Es toda aquella transacción comercial que se realiza por medios electrónicos de transmisión de datos, definición que cobra especial significado cuando se suma Internet a estas posibilidades.
Arquitectura y Diseño de Fabricación: Estas técnicas de diseño y producción mediante computadoras hacen posible también que una misma cadena de montaje fabrique alternativamente diversas versiones de un mismo modelo, adaptándose a la demanda existente en cada momento.
Medicina: Ofrecen una gran ayuda en el campo de la investigación médica, farmacéutica, biológica, chemistry, and many others., aspectos todos ellos relacionados con la lucha de los médicos para conseguir un buen nivel de salud en las personas.
Automóviles: The car of the future will have radar and a computer system that will warn the driver of the possibility or impossibility of overtaking and will be ready to brake automatically in situations of imminent collision danger.
Domestic Management Systems: Home control systems can also perform tasks not specifically required, such as detecting gasoline leaks and preventing the user from turning off the shut-off valve, alerting the firefighters in case of fire, controlling a security system, etc.
Animation: The technique of computer animation provides audiovisual media with many possibilities for image manipulation and special effects production.
Artificial Intelligence Future of artificial intelligence. We are increasingly close to creating an artificial intelligence capable of emulating human thought and equipped with tools to learn from experience, an intelligence that at some point will become a new being, and that, thanks to continuous technological advances, will soon far surpass its creator, man, just as the student surpasses the teacher. Our evolution as a species happens at too slow a pace, millions of years, while the evolution of this new intelligent being will happen much faster, in just a few decades. Its intelligence will soon surpass ours. Nowadays we see that it is possible to connect mechanical components to our brain, like the chip that will allow the blind to see implanted directly in the retina, the chip that will allow disabled people to control a computer directly with thought, the technology that allows pilots to control a fighter jet also through thought, not to mention bionic limbs controlled by our brain, and most importantly, nanomachines that will interact with our neurons, allowing us to considerably increase our brain capacity. Some even think that the day will come when all human knowledge can be stored in a machine, giving us the opportunity to leave our mortal biological body to continue our life in an immortal mechanical body, The truth is that the appearance of artificial organs is closer than we think
Publicado por Lorena Morales en
Robotics comes from the word robotic. La robótica es, therefore, la ciencia rama de la ciencia que se ocupa del estudio, desarrollo y aplicaciones de los robots.
Otra definición de robótica es el diseño, fabricación y utilización de máquinas automáticas programables con el fin de realizar tareas repetitivas como el ensamble de automóviles, aparatos, and many others. y otras actividades. Básicamente, la robótica se ocupa de todo lo concerniente a los robots, lo cual incluye el management de motores, mecanismos automáticos neumáticos, sensors, sistemas de cómputos, and so forth.
En la robótica se aúnan para un mismo fin varias disciplinas confluyentes, pero diferentes, como la Mecánica, la Electrónica, la Automática, la Informática, and so forth.
El término robótica se le atribuye a Isaac Asimov.
The three fundamental laws of robotics according to Asimov are:
A robot may not harm or allow any human being to be harmed.
The robot must obey all human orders, except those that conflict with the first law.
The robot must protect itself, unless doing so conflicts with the first or second law.
Robots are devices composed of sensors that receive input data and that can be connected to the computer. This, upon receiving the input information, it instructs the robot to perform a specific action. It may be that the robots themselves have microprocessors that receive input from the sensors and that these microprocessors instruct the robot to perform the actions for which it is designed. In this last case, The robot itself is in turn a computer.
types of robotics:
Systems that think like humans.- These systems try to emulate human thought.
Systems that act like humans.- These systems try to act like humans.; I mean, mimic human behavior
Systems that think rationally.- That is to say, with logic (ideally), They try to imitate, emulate, the rational logical thinking of human beings
Systems that act rationally (ideally).- They try to rationally emulate human behavior
Future of robotics
Although there are many robots that perform industrial tasks, those are incapable of carrying out most of
the operations that industry requires. Without having well-developed sensory capabilities, the robot is unable to perform tasks that depend on the result of a previous one.
In the near future, robotics may experience a spectacular advance with television cameras , smaller and less expensive, and with powerful and more affordable computers.
The sensors will be designed so that they can measure the three-dimensional space surrounding the robotic, as well as recognize and measure the position and orientation of objects and their relationships with space. There will be a sensory processing system capable of analyzing and interpreting the data generated by the sensors, as well as comparing them with a model to detect any errors that may occur. At last, There will be a management system that can accept high-level commands and convert them into orders, which will be executed by the robotic to perform enormously sophisticated tasks.
If the robot's elements are increasingly powerful, también tendrán que serlo los programas que los controlen a través de la computadora. Si los programas son más complejos, la computadora deberá ser más potente y cumplir nos requisitos mínimos para dar una respuesta rápida a la información que le llegue a través de los sensores del robot.
Parallel to the advancement of industrial robots is the progress of research on robots called androids, que también se beneficiarán de los nuevos logros en el campo de los aparatos sensoriales. De todas formas, es posible que pasen decenas de años antes de que se vea un androide con mínima apariencia humana en cuanto a movimientos y comportamiento.
Researchers still refuse to accept that computers cannot learn or reason like human beings.
But in reality, even the most advanced supercomputer lacks the reasoning ability of a child.
Bridging that cognitive gap between humans and machines – creating a computer that can read and learn at an advanced level- is the ambitious goal of artificial intelligence researchers.
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (Darpa), of the Pentagon, granted a contract valued at at least 400.000 dólares a dos profesores del Instituto Politécnico Rensselaer que tratan de construir una máquina que pueda aprender mediante la lectura.
Los académicos esperan crear una máquina que pueda leer pasajes de textos y responder preguntas con base en el materials. En el proceso, el profesor Selmer Bringsjord cree que dichas máquinas dotadas de inteligencia artificial (AI) podrán leer planes manuales militares y adaptarse al vuelo en el fragor de la batalla.
Tenemos ahora un aparato militar tan complejo, tan tecnológico, que necesitamos la ayuda de la IA”, afirmó Bringsjord, director del Laboratorio de Inteligencia Artificial y Razonamiento del politécnico. No se puede volver atrás”.
La inteligencia artificial ya está arraigada en nuestras vidas, from the programs used by banks to evaluate loan applicants' credit to those that correct spelling in word processors, including research programs that explore databases in search of associations.
But reading is difficult for machines. Sentences must be converted into formal logic equations or other formats accessible to them. Computers can do it on a modest scale. But what has proven more elusive, However, is programming that can find the thread in figurative phrases like this one.
Natural language is very ambiguous, explained Boris Katz, from the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Si uno va más allá de oraciones como ‘Juan ama a María’ a algo como un párrafo del Wall Road Journal, el lenguaje contiene algunos fenómenos notablemente complicados que son muy difíciles de representar”.
For example, si la máquina lee sobre los planetas, debe adquirir la capacidad de responder a la pregunta ¿Cuál es el planeta más grande?", aunque el texto nunca mencione explícitamente que es Júpiter.
La asignación a Darpa tiene vigencia de un año, con opciones a extenderla a un contrato de tres años por 1,2 millón de dólares. Bringsjord espera tener en tres años su máquina lista para leer algunos textos básicos como álgebra y astronomía.
Ronald Brachman, director de la Oficina de Tecnología para el Procesamiento de Información, de Darpa, ha hablado abiertamente sobre el futuro impregnado de computadores” de los militares.
Para tener éxito, necesitamos sistemas que puedan recordar dónde han estado y qué han visto, y que se mejoren con el tiempo”, dijo Brachman a los investigadores en una conferencia el año pasado.
Se anticipa que la conexión entre soldado y computadora -las portátiles de batalla controlan los diminutos aviones no tripulados de vigilancia, y otros computadores permiten a los soldados ver en la pantalla la ubicación de las unidades de su propio bando- se estrechará considerablemente en los próximos años.
El investigador avizora que los robots del futuro recibirán instrucciones leyéndolas escuchándolas. Dijo que una vez que una máquina haya absorbido todas las informaciones relevantes sobre un rubro, como ser factores culturales, históricos y geográficos de una zona, un oficial pueda decir: Esta es la situación precise en Faluya. Vamos a inspeccionar”.
Puede parecer ciencia ficción, pero no es nada descabellado. Ya se puede aceptar la existencia de máquinas cognitivas, dependiendo de la definición del término.
Ya existen máquinas que reconocen órdenes verbales y rostros y hacen inferencias sobre la base de experiencias, dice el profesor de ciencias de la computación Tom Mitchell, de la Universidad Carnegie Mellon.
Pero Mitchell, former professor of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence, makes a significant caveat: although researchers have made great progress in different areas of cognition, there still remains a notorious mystery about how the pieces of the puzzle come together.
In other words, the concerns that a know-it-all computer might cause may be premature. Katz believes that a computer capable of reasoning even at the level of an infant is still far off.
'I am still looking for that common sense that three-year-old children have,', commented Katz. And we still don't have it”.
Publicado por Lorena Morales en