Inteligencia Artificial AMOR

ROBOTICS
INTELLIGENCE:
is linked to knowing how to choose the best options to solve some type of problem.
Traditionally, intelligence has been seen as a single identity inherent to each of us and in different degrees. In the year 1983, Howard Gardner, American psychologist recognized for his theories about intelligence, expanded the concept of intelligence by saying that it is a developable capacity and not only something innate, to solve problems and create products that are valuable in a culture ( several); thus removing the label of intelligent only from intellectuals” and making room for a series of potentials that had not been recognized before.
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Es considerada, t. En basic se utilizan ambos hemisferios y es la que caracteriza a los escritores y todos los escritores que se dedican a los medios impresos.
Aunque discuten sobre el origen y el desarrollo del lenguaje humano, los expertos admiten que se remota a hace one hundred.000 años, al homo sapiens arcaico; el lenguaje fue una parte intrínseca de las vidas de estos homínidos corno animales sociales. Las sociedades han sido configuradas mantenidas por el lenguaje. El mismo tuvo en todas las sociedades antiguas un poder considerado como más fuerte que la espada.
La inteligencia verbal-lingüística tiene cuatro componentes:
speaking, saber escuchar para aprender, leer y escribir.
• Esta inteligencia incluye la habilidad la sintaxis estructura del lenguaje, sonidos del lenguaje
h (e), o, (use language to remember information) explanation and metalanguage (use language to talk about language).
Today, teaching curricula seek to develop skills for listening and speaking, That is why:
Consider the students' language as a starting point for teaching.
Allows the development of linguistic skills in natural progression.
Approach language as a whole, instead of dividing teaching into blocks composed of skills.
Organically connect language and literature.
These characteristics are commonly developed by poets, playwrights, escritores, orators, politicians, lecturers, and many others.
Musical intelligence:
Commonly known as 'good ear', is the talent that musicians, singers and dancers have.
La fuerza de esta inteligencia innata varía de una persona a otra. Pero por fuerte que sea su inteligencia musical, necesita ser estimulada y configurada para desarrollar todo su potencial, ya sea par tocar un instrumento para escuchar una melodía con sensibilidad. Este tipo de inteligencia surge a menudo muy pronto y de modo natural en los individuos dotados para ello.
Características:
Es la capacidad de expresarse mediante formas musicales. Es uno de los componentes del modelo de las inteligencias múltiples propuesto por Howard Gardner Este modelo propugna que no existe una única inteligencia , sino una multiplicidad: en principio se propuso siete, que luego aumentó a ocho y que, actualmente, probablemente lo haga a nueve.
La capacidad musical incluye habilidades en el canto dentro de cualquier tecnicismo y género musical, tocar un instrumento a la perfección y lograr con él una adecuada presentación, dirigir un conjunto, ensamble, orquesta; componer (en cualquier modo y género) y tener apreciación musical. Sería, therefore, no sólo la capacidad de componer e interpretar piezas con tono, ritmo y timbre en si, sino también de escuchar y de juzgar eficazmente tanto la música como el sonido en general. Puede estar relacionada con la inteligencia lingüística , con la inteligencia espacial y con la inteligencia corporal cinética
La inteligencia musical también se hace evidente en el desarrollo lingüístico, because it demands from the individual mental processes that involve the categorization of auditory references and their subsequent association with pre-concepts; That is to say, the development of a skill to retain linguistic structures and assimilate them in their phonetic realizations.
Logical-mathematical intelligence:
Considered until recently in the West as one of the only intelligences. Those who belong to this group make use of the logical hemisphere of the brain and can dedicate themselves to the exact sciences. Of the types of intelligence, this is the closest to the traditional concept of intelligence.
In some so-called primitive societies, logic, mathematics and science do not seem at first sight fundamental to culture. Este ámbito de la inteligencia se emplea de formas diferentes: regatear y comerciar, formular calendarios para medir el tiempo y estimar con exactitud cantidades y distancias depende de la inteligencia lógico-matemática, ejemplo esta que los mejores pensadores lógicos – matemática fueron
Galileo Galilei e Isaac Newton.
Características:
Percibe los objetos y su función en el entorno.
1) Domina los conceptos de cantidad, tiempo y causa y efecto.
2) Utiliza símbolos abstractos para representar objetos y conceptos concretos.
three) Demuestra habilidad para encontrar soluciones lógicas a los problemas.
En los individuos especialmente dotados en esta forma de inteligencia, el proceso de resolución de problemas es a menudo es extraordinariamente rápido: el científico competente maneja simultáneamente muchas variables y crea numerosas hipótesis que son evaluadas sucesivamente y posteriormente son aceptadas rechazadas.
four) Crea nuevos modelos percibe nuevas facetas en ciencia matemáticas.
5) Demuestra interés por carreras como ciencias económicas, tecnología informática, derecho, ingeniería y química.
COMO ESTIMULAR EL PENSAMIENTO artificial intelligence blog LÓGICO MATEMÁTICO:
1) Utilizar diversas estrategias de interrogación.
2) Plantear problemas con final abierto para que los alumnos los resuelvan.
3) Construir modelos para los conceptos claves.
4) Estimular a los alumnos para construir significados a partir de su objeto de estudio.
5) Vincular los conceptos procesos matemáticos con otras áreas de contenido y con aspectos de la vida cotidiana.
Inteligencia espacial:
It is possessed by those who can create a three-dimensional mental model of the world ( a fragment of it, according to the situation). This intelligence is shared by professions as diverse as engineering, surgery, sculpture, the navy, architecture, design and decoration. Scientists like James Watson and Francis Crick used sketches and models (sometimes mentally, other times in three-dimensional form) to visualize and decode the spiral of the DNA molecule.
Characteristics:
– Mentally reproduce objects they have observed.
– Recognize the object in different circumstances, since
the image remains fixed in the person and thus they are able to
identify it in different places and in different positions.
– Imagine or suppose how an object might vary when undergoing some type of change.
– Describe matches and similarities between objects that look different.
THE ABILITY TO PRECISELY PERCEIVE THE VISIBLE AND SPATIAL WORLD AND CARRY OUT TRANSFORMATIONS BASED ON THOSE PERCEPTIONS.
Bodily intelligence – kinesthetic:
Kinesthetic individuals have the ability to use their body to solve problems and perform activities. Athletes are in this field, surgeons and dancers. A natural aptitude of this type of intelligence often manifests from childhood; A successful engineer recalls that he became an engineer at the age of four. when he started disassembling household objects when his parents were not looking.
The main characteristics of students, and normally of people who stand out in this type of intelligence, are:
They are capable of exploring the environment and objects through touch and movement.
They have a very developed sense of rhythm and coordination.
They show greater ease in learning through direct experience and participation.
They greatly enjoy concrete learning experiences, such as field trips, building models, participation in dramatizations and games, assembling objects and physical exercise.
They demonstrate important skills in tasks that require the use of fine and gross motor skills.
They have special abilities for performance, athletics, dance, sewing, modeling, digitalization.
They exhibit balance, grace, skill, and precision in physical activity.
Tiene capacidad para ajustar y perfeccionar su rendimiento físico mediante la inteligencia de la mente y el cuerpo.
Cómo potenciar la inteligencia kinestésica:
La inteligencia kinestésica no está relacionada únicamente con la educación física el deporte. Asignaturas como el Lenguaje, la Historia, la Geografía las Matemáticas también pueden abordase desde una perspectiva kinestésica, logrando de esta forma un mejor aprovechamiento y más integral.
For example, dentro de las asignaturas relacionadas con el lenguaje se pueden organizar obras teatrales, debates e historietas. En Historia y Geografía se pueden construir maquetas relieves y en el tiempo escolar dedicado a las Matemáticas, una buena forma de aprovechar y potenciar las habilidades kinestésicas puede serrealizando cuerpos geométricos en volumen, como por ejemplo: prismas, cubos pirámides, etc.
Otras actividades que podemos incluir son las salidas y paseos, como visitas al zoológico, museos, conciertos, mercados almacenes. In this way, los escolares tienen oportunidad de oler, see, tocar, saborear y percibir las cosas directamente. Es un forma de adquirir experiencia e involucrarla con el conocimientos de carácter másteórico, pero con una vivencia corporal previa, lo que convierte el aprendizaje en mucho más enriquecedor y divertido.
Inteligencia emocional:
Es la capacidad humana para resolver problemas relacionados con las emociones. Y aunque parezca que este tipo de inteligencia es poco importante, se ha demostrado que es igualmente válida para tomar decisiones ya que en estos momentos, los sentimientos y cómo nos sentimos tienen mucho que ver a la hora de elegir.
La inteligencia emocional es un complemento indispensable en la relación con sí mismo y con los demás. No sirve de nada ser el alumno con mejores calificaciones si el niño no tiene amigos y se siente acomplejado.
Saber manejar nuestras emociones también tiene que ver con la seguridad que debe estar presente en situaciones como un examen una entrevista en las que los nervios pueden borrar de nuestra mente” todo lo que sabemos.
Characteristics:.
En primer lugar, nos fijaremos en las competencias personales. En este grupo, los rasgos de inteligencia emocional más evidentes son:
Conciencia de uno mismo: recognize your emotions and their effects; know your strengths and weaknesses; have confidence in your value and abilities.
Self-regulation: self-control; maintain a line of honesty and integrity; take on responsibilities; be versatile when managing changes; be open to new ideas.
Self-motivation: aspire to improve and achieve a standard of excellence; take on the organization's objectives; be willing to act when there is an opportunity; optimism and persistence.
In the field of social competencies, emotional intelligence is manifested in the following way:
Social awareness: empathy; show active interest in others' concerns; anticipate, recognize and meet the needs of other people; develop and strengthen others' skills; foster diversity; read the emotional currents of the group and the power relationships.
social skills: influence, communication, leadership, change catalyst, conflict management, creating bonds, collaboration, cooperation, and teamwork.
If you recognize any of these traits in yourself, you are on the right track. If not, as we have said, you can get to work and dedicate yourself to developing and working on your emotional intelligence to succeed in your job.
Intrapersonal intelligence:
This allows us to form a true and accurate image of ourselves; it allows us to understand our needs and characteristics, as well as our qualities and flaws without exaggerating or minimizing them. And although it is said that our feelings should indeed help guide our decisions, there must be a limit in the expression of them. This type of intelligence is functional for any area of our life.
Characteristics:
One of the main characteristics of intrapersonal intelligence is the ability to be in deep contact with oneself. Although this may seem essential and basic for any type of individual, it means that a person with this type of intelligence will find it easier to connect with their inner self rather than with the outside, I mean, with other people. Hence, a large part of individuals with intrapersonal intelligence are characterized by being shy, introverted, and quiet when exposed in a group.
Esto no quiere decir que no puedan establecer relaciones sólidas con otras personas, si no que no será su prioridad no les resultará extremadamente easy como a aquellas personas con inteligencia interpersonal. Tampoco significa que no puedan desarrollar otro tipo de inteligencias, pero que ésta dominará sus personalidades y caractéres de manera esencial.
Por lo general, los sujetos con un tipo de inteligencia intrapersonal suelen mostrar tendencia a buscar realizar por sí mismos sus tareas y obligaciones, obteniendo de esta manera mejores resultados que trabajando en grupo. También tienen un profundo contacto con sus sentimientos, emociones y sensaciones, por lo cual pueden ser descriptos como individuos altamente sensibles y concientes del dolor, de la alegría, and so on.
Siguiendo lo establecido por Gardner, la inteligencia intrapersonal muestra facilidad para que una persona desarrolle profesiones en las que las tareas reflexivas son importantes (for example, philosophy, la sociología, la antropología, la psicología y otras).
Es por ello que se les puede apreciar en los siguientes aspectos:
• Tiene conciencia del rango de sus emociones.
• Encuentra enfoques y medios para expresar sus sentimientos.
• Desarrolla un modelo preciso del YO.
• Se siente motivada para establecer y lograr objetivos.
• Establece y vive de acuerdo con un sistema de valores éticos.
• Siente curiosidad por grandes enigmas” de la vida: sentido, importancia y propósito.
• Lleva a cabo un constante proceso de aprendizaje y crecimiento private.
• Try to distinguish and understand inner experiences.
• Reflect and draw conclusions about the complexity of being and the human condition.
• Look for opportunities to update oneself.
• Is capable of working independently
• Siente curiosidad por grandes enigmas” de la vida: sentido, importancia y propósito.
• Lleva a cabo un constante proceso de aprendizaje y crecimiento private.
• Try to distinguish and understand inner experiences.
• Reflect and draw conclusions about the complexity of being and the human condition.
• Look for opportunities to update oneself.
• Is capable of working independently.
Interpersonal intelligence:
This allows us to understand others. It is based on the ability to manage human relationships and the empathy with which we put ourselves in someone else's shoes and recognize their motivations, reasons and emotions.
This type of intelligence is a basic complement to any of the others, since it is also useless if we get the best grades but choose our friends poorly and, later, our partner.
La mayoría de las actividades que se realizan en la vida dependen de la inteligencia interpersonal, ya que están formadas por grupos humanos en los que debemos relacionamos.
Los grandes lideres tienen una fuerte inteligencia interpersonal para bien para mal. Martín Luther King líder estadounidense de los derechos civiles, fue un orador estimulante que uso sus habilidades para inspirar el cambio social radical.
También se necesitan fuertes habilidades interpersonales en formas de terapia y en la enseñanza de los incapacitados. Los consejeros deben establecer empatia con sus pacientes para comprender sus motivaciones y comportamiento, una tarea difícil cuando este no puede articular sus propios sentimientos.
Characteristics:
Establece y mantiene relaciones sociales buenas.
Suelen ser simpáticos y con buen sentido del humor.
Les gusta organizar eventos, dirigir equipos.
Percibe los sentimientos, pensamientos, motivaciones, conductas y estilo de vida de los demás.
Saben escuchar, se comprometen con los problemas de los demás y les interesa ayudarlos.
Asumen diversos roles dentro de un grupo.
Flexibilidad para entender otros puntos de vista.
Aptitud para llegar a los demás, asesorar, liderar, negociar, actuar como mediador.
Comprende fácilmente mensajes verbales y no verbales comunicándose eficazmente.
Inteligencia naturalista:
La utilizamos al observar y estudiar la naturaleza. Los biológicos y herbolarios son quienes más la han desarrollado.
Todos tenemos tos 9 tipos de inteligencia, pero desarrollamos unas otras dependiendo de factores como la educación, la familia y el entorno. It doesn't matter what activity we are going to carry out, pues necesitamos algunas combinaciones según sea el caso.
Hoy, debido a la complejidad del mundo, los niños parecen estar mucho más listos para resolver problemas de toda índole. Por eso, aunque es importante que conozcas los talentos y aptitudes de tu hijo, también lo es que trates de incentivar su capacidad para desenvolverse correctamente en cualquier ámbito, así cuando ingrese a la escuela y a la universidad, no sólo será capaz de obtener buenas notas sino también de ser feliz.
Characteristics:
-Aprovecha oportunidades para observar, identificar, interactuar con objetos, plantas animales y para encargarse de su cuidado.
-Reconoce patrones entre miembros de una especie clases de objetos.
-Manifiesta deseos de entender de cómo funcionan las cosas.
-Demuestra interés por las carreras de biología, ecología, chemistry, zoología, ingeniería forestal botánica.
La noción de inteligencia artificial fue desarrollada en referencia a ciertos sistemas creados por los seres humanos que constituyen agentes racionales no vivos. La racionalidad, in this case, es entendida como la capacidad para maximizar un resultado esperado.
Artificial intelligence, therefore, consiste en el diseño de procesos que, al ejecutarse sobre una arquitectura física, producen resultados que maximizan una cierta medida de rendimiento. Estos procesos se basan en secuencias de entradas que son percibidas y almacenadas por la mencionada arquitectura.
Los dispositivos que cuentan con inteligencia artificial pueden ejecutar distintos procesos análogos al comportamiento humano, like the return of a response for each input (comparable to the reflex acts of living beings), the search for a state among all possible ones according to an action, problem solving through formal logic.
Today, the most standard form of artificial intelligence exists in video games, since its consumption is massive. In this context, it is applied to enemies and computer-controlled characters, so that their performance throughout the interactive experience is believable and seems spontaneous. it goes without saying that the type of artificial intelligence used in each case is different, and it responds to a series of particular needs.
Artificial intelligence is considered a branch of computing and relates a pure phenomenon with an artificial analogy through computer programs. Artificial intelligence can be considered a science if it focuses on the development of programs based on comparisons with human efficiency, contributing to a greater understanding of human knowledge.
If, on the other hand, it is taken as engineering, based on a desirable input-output relationship to synthesize a computer program. The result is a highly efficient program that functions as a powerful tool for those who use it.
Through artificial intelligence, expert systems have been developed that can imitate the psychological capacity of humans and relate rules of syntax of spoken and written language based on experience, to then make judgments about a problem, whose solution is achieved with better judgments and more quickly than humans. In medicine, it is very useful by correctly diagnosing eighty-five percent of cases.
Artificial intelligence: Where is it taking us??
When in the 1940s the first computers were put into operation (those metal cabinets, full of bulbs) they were called 'electronic brains', since they could perform additions. This made many imagine: Mañana las máquinas conversarán con nosotros”. Y entonces el cine, los dibujos animados y la televisión se poblaron de robots inteligentísimos”
aunque de movimientos algo torpes que acompañaban a los humanos en toda clase de mundos. Mientras los alumnos de cibernética seguían perforando tarjetas, en el cine la computadora HAL se ponía paranoica y tomaba la decisión de La industria de las computadoras no dejó de evolucionar y, de pronto, aquellos enormes aparatos con grandes cintas de carrete se volvieron pequeños y mucho más fáciles de operar. Un día ya tenían un monitor y un teclado para comunicarnos con sus circuitos. The next day personal computers appeared in our homes and today they are everywhere, becoming indispensable. Today's children live in a world that, at least in part, science fiction imagined 50 years ago.
Can intelligence be artificial?
Artificial intelligence (AI) it can be defined as the means by which computers, robots and other devices perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. For example, solving certain types of problems, the ability to distinguish between different objects responding to verbal commands. AI encompasses a set of techniques that, through electronic circuits and advanced computer programs, seeks to imitate procedures similar to the inductive and deductive processes of the human brain. Se basa en la investigación de las redes neuronales humanas y, a partir de ahí, busca copiar electrónica mente el funcionamiento del cerebro.
El avance en la investigación de las redes neuronales va ganando terreno a una velocidad espectacular. Entre sus aplicaciones destaca la poderosa computadora Deep Blue, que puede vencer a cualquier jugador de ajedrez: no sólo tiene gran cantidad de jugadas programadas, sino que aprende de su adversario, por lo que se va volviendo capaz de adelantarse a las decisiones de su enemigo y hundir sus estrategias antes de que prosperen.
Esas redes también se han usado en los autos robotic, que pueden circular por las autopistas a una velocidad regular con un excelente margen de seguridad, y de hecho han cruzado la Unión Americana de costa a costa sin que el conductor tuviera que tocar el volante los pedales. Persisten dos problemitas: The trunk continues to be stuffed with equipment and it costs a fortune. But following this line of progress, it is possible that in the next decade it will be common for a machine at the bus station to ask the passenger if they want to travel on a bus driven by a human guided by a computer; This last service will be safer and therefore more expensive. It is expected that soon, imitating the functioning of our brain, computers will no longer have a single large processor, but thousands (and later millions) of small processors fully interconnected with each other, which will allow the wonderful ability to learn through experiences gathered by the machine's senses (video cameras, microphones, etcétera).
CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
1. A basic feature that distinguishes Artificial Intelligence methods from numerical methods is the use of non-mathematical symbols, although it is not enough to distinguish it completely. Other types of programs such as compilers and database systems, they also process symbols and are not considered to use Artificial Intelligence techniques..
2. The behavior of programs is not explicitly described by the algorithm. The sequence of steps followed by the program is influenced by the particular problem present.. The program specifies how to find the sequence of steps needed to solve a given problem (Declarative Program). In contrast to non-AI programs, that follow a defined algorithm, that specifies, explicitly, How to find the output variables for any given input variable (Procedural Program).
three. Knowledge-based reasoning, it implies that these programs incorporate factors and relationships from the real world and the domain of knowledge in which they operate. Unlike special-purpose programs, such as accounting and scientific calculations; Artificial Intelligence programs can distinguish between inference motor reasoning program and knowledge base by giving you the ability to explain discrepancies between them.. 4. Applicability to poorly structured data and problems, without Artificial Intelligence techniques programs can not work with this type of problems. An example is conflict resolution in goal-oriented tasks such as in planning, diagnosing tasks in a system in today's world: with little information, with a close and not necessarily exact solution. Artificial Intelligence includes several fields of development such as: Robotics, Used mainly in the industrial field; Language comprehension and translation; Vision in shape-distinguishing machines used on assembly lines; Word recognition and machine learning; computational systems expert systems, that reproduce human behavior in a narrow field of knowledge, are programs as varied as those that diagnose blood infections and indicate treatment, those that interpret seismological data in geological exploration and those that configure complex high-tech equipment. Such tasks reduce costs, reduce risks in human handling in hazardous areas, Improve the performance of the inexperienced private, and improve quality management, especially in the commercial field.
THE SCOPE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
A list of processes that can generally be called AI if they are programmed on a computer can be given.
To. PROBLEM SOLVING IN GENERAL: This is not simply programming a machine to solve specific problems such as finding the solutions of a quadratic equation, but creating a system capable of finding methods to solve problems.
B. PERCEPTION: Machines will be able to react to their environment and influence it through sensors and interaction devices with the outside. La visión ya se ha llevado a cabo en una escala limitada mediante aparatos de televisión y dispositivos para la percepción de imágenes sintetizadores que permiten al ordenador comunicarse mediante el lenguaje hablado en la salida y no escrito como se ha hecho hasta ahora, con el uso de pantallas impresoras. Algunos de los progresos conseguidos con el desarrollo de circuitos integrados permitirán al computados aceptar ordenes y datos especializados, también mediante la utilización del lenguaje hablado.
C. COMPRENSIÓN DEL LENGUAJE NATURAL: La necesidad de comunicarse con los computadoras mediante un lenguaje ensamblador en uno de los lenguajes especializados de alto nivel ha impedido a los no especialistas hacer un uso que no sea superficial de los ordenadores.
D. APRENDIZAJE, DEMOSTRACIÓN DE TEOREMAS, JUEGOS: Todos estos campos requieren cierta capacidad de mejorar la experiencia. La búsqueda de algoritmo que permitan incorporar esta capacidad a un sistema.
E. SISTEMAS EXPERTOS. Para algunas persona los términos IA y sistemas expertos son sinónimos. Muchos de los sistemas expertos existentes actualmente consisten en grandes bases de conocimientos, creadas para almacenar la información de que se dispone expertos humanos en varios campos y a las que se aplica una serie de reglas de manipulación expresadas en lenguajes específicos La prognosis medica, la ingeniería química, la exploración geológica y el diseño de computadoras han proporcionado material para el diseño de sistemas expertos de gran éxito.
F. LENGUAJE DE LA IA: Traditional programming languages have not adapted well to AI applications. Languages such as Prolog have been widely used, based on logic, and Lisp, which has superior capacity in list processing.
G. HARDWARE FOR AI: Traditional hardware design has largely failed to achieve, to a great extent the purpose proposed by AI. AI techniques require fast access to memory banks, enormous by traditional standards, and, therefore, processing speeds are too slow for the most demanding applications.
H. ROBOTICS: The science of robotics involves different AI techniques. The concept of a 'smart robot' with the ability to learn from experience is the central topic of theories and research in AI. The robot must be able to communicate in pure language and must be able to perform tasks that require the equivalent of initiative and originality, this implies that the robot must come to accomplish , after a learning period things for which it was not initially programmed.
FUNDAMENTALS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
1. For more than 2000 years of tradition in philosophy, various theories of reasoning and learning have emerged simultaneously with the view that the mind is reduced to the functioning of a physical system. Philosophers (since the year 400 BC) permitieron el poder pensar en la inteligencia artificial al concebir a la mente con maneras diversas como una máquina que funciona a partir del conocimiento codificado en un lenguaje interno y al considerar que el pensamiento servía para determinar cuál era la acción correcta que había que emprender.
2.Durante más de four hundred años de matemáticas, han surgido teorías formales relacionadas con la lógica, probabilidad, teoría de decisiones y la computación. Las matemáticas proveyeron las herramientas para manipular las aseveraciones de certeza lógica así como las inciertas de tipo probabilista. Así mismo prepararon el terreno para el manejo del razonamiento con algoritmos.
Psychology offers tools that allow the investigation of the human mind, as well as a scientific language to express the theories that are obtained. Psychologists reinforced the idea that humans and other animals could be considered as machines for information processing.
Linguistics offers theories about the structure and meaning of language. Linguists demonstrated that the use of a language fits within this model.
Computer science, from which tools are taken that allow artificial intelligence to be a computational engineering, offered the device that makes artificial intelligence applications a reality. Los programas de inteligencia artificial por common son extensos y no funcionarían sin los grandes avances de velocidad y memoria apartadas por la industria de cómputo. En conclusión, las ciencias que aportan a la Inteligencia Artificial son:
Filosofía
mathematics
Psicología
Lingüística
Objetivos de las Investigaciones en IA
Los investigadores en inteligencia artificial se concentran principalmente en los sistemas expertos, la resolución de problemas, automatic management, las bases de datos inteligentes y la ingeniería del software program (diseños de entornos de programación inteligente).
Otros investigadores están trabajando en el reto del reconocimiento de patrones donde se espera un rápido progreso en este campo que abarca la comprensión y la síntesis del habla, the image processing and computer vision.
At last, the basic research on knowledge representation, cognitive conceptualization and the understanding of natural language.
One of the main objectives of researchers in artificial intelligence is the automatic reproduction of human reasoning.
The reasoning of a chess player is not always the same as that of a manager questioning the feasibility of manufacturing a new product. A child playing with wooden blocks on a table does not have a concept of the complexity of the reasoning required to carry out the construction of a pyramid, and trying to make a robot do the same as the child would require a long computer program.
Branches of Artificial Intelligence
robotics
Robotics is a science that studies the design and construction of machines capable of performing tasks carried out by humans that require the use of intelligence.
At the end of the 1970s, there was a new turn in the field of research related to artificial intelligence: the appearance of robots. The experimental robots created for these purposes were automatons capable of receiving information from the outside world (for example, sensors, television cameras, etc.), as well as orders from a human operator (expressed in natural language).
In this way, the robot would determine a plan and, according to it, execute the received orders using a model of the universe in which it was located. Period incluso capaz de prever las consecuencias de sus acciones y evitar, like this, aquéllas que más tarde pudieran resultarle inútiles , en algún momento, perjudiciales. Estos primeros robots experimentales eran bastante más inteligentes que los robots industriales, y lo eran porque disponían de un grado mucho mayor de percepción del entorno que los robots empleados en las cadenas de producción.
El principal problema con el que se enfrenta la inteligencia artificial aplicada a los robots es el de la visión. Mientras que la información recibida a través de censores se puede interpretar con relativa facilidad y entra a formar parte de la descripción del modelo de universo que emplea el robotic para tomar decisiones, The perception of captured images and their correct interpretation is a very complex task.
Regarding the interpretation of images captured through any system, The recognition of known preprogrammed shapes has already been achieved, Which allows certain robots to carry out operations of relocating pieces to place them in their correct position from an arbitrary position. However, It has not yet been achieved for the system to perceive the image taken by an ambient camera and adapt its behavior to the new set of circumstances this implies. Like this, for example, The image provided by a video camera used in surveillance and security systems cannot be directly interpreted by the computer.
Objectives of Robotics:
The increase in productivity.- This is achieved, fundamentally, by optimizing the robot's work speed, which reduces the part-time required by the operator and increases the overall performance on the production line.
Enhance flexibility in adapting to short production runs.
Optimize the performance of other brands and tools related to the robot's work.
Achieve a rapid return on investment, as a consequence of substituting labor, better use and longer life of tools, less material waste, few breakdowns and reduced maintenance.
Improve the quality of manufactured products, dada la precisa repetividad de los movimientos del robotic y la posibilidad de incrementar un management de calidad.
Disminuir los stocks de productos terminados, así como el de sus plazos de entrega.
Realizar trabajos en condiciones hostiles y peligrosas, tales como las que se llevan acabo en ambientes con temperaturas elevadas, contaminación, gases tóxicos, materiales inflamables radiactivos y en los entornos submarinos espaciales
Campos de aplicación de la robótica
Teóricamente el uso de sistemas robóticos podría extenderse a casi todas las áreas imaginables en donde se necesite de la ejecución de tareas mecánicas, tareas hoy ejecutadas por el hombre imposibles de ejecutar por él (por ej. una exploración sobre el terreno de la superficie marciana). Se entiende, in this context, a mechanical task is any activity that involves physical presence and movement on the part of its performer.
But when we place ourselves in the current context, in practice, we realize that there are factors that limit the flight of our imagination, which we will mention in the following point.
Some of the current fields of application of robotics are:
Research – Exploration.
Where robots have the advantage of better withstanding environments hostile to humans.
entertainment.
This industry benefits from the use of robots to recreate possible fictional situations, making use of the so-called special effects.
Construction.
Industry in which projects that include the use of robots as performers of sizing tasks are already recorded, transport, assembly, among others.
Industrial Automation.
It is the most relevant and of interest to us. It corresponds to the use of robots in the industry in order to improve, speed up and increase production in the different processes.
The Future of Robotics
Hans Moravec, director of the Mobile Robot Laboratory at Carnegie Mellon University classifies the evolution of robots as follows:
First generation (2000-2010): Robots with lizard brain. They will require a computing power of one thousand MIPs and will be 'butler' robots, expert at getting along in the home.
Segunda generación (2010-2020): Robots with mammal brain. Computing power of 30.000 MIPs. Their most notable feature will be learning, unlike the rigid programs of the first generation.
Tercera generación (2020-2030): Robots con cerebro de mono. Computing capacity of 1.000.000 MIPs (one trillion operations per second). They will be robots capable of simulating actions in an abstract way before performing them in their own mind.
Fourth generation (2030-2040): Robots with a human mind. Computing power of 30.000.000 MIPs. They will be able to extract simulations of the world and reason about them simultaneously, thanks to their greater computing power, a gigantic database and reasoning programs.
Expert Systems
Expert systems are based on the simulation of human reasoning. Human reasoning has for them, a double interest: On the one hand, that of analyzing the reasoning that a human expert in the field would follow in order to encode it using a certain computer language; on the other hand, artificial synthesis, of a mechanical type, of the reasoning in such a way that it is similar to that employed by the human expert in solving the posed question.
These two fields of interest have led researchers working in the field of artificial intelligence (of which expert systems are a preferred field) to try to establish a methodology that allows verifying the exchange with human experts and isolating the various existing types of reasoning (inductive, deductive, formal, and so on.), as well as building the necessary elements to model them.
Expert systems are, therefore, intermediaries between the human expert, who transmits their knowledge to the system, and the user of said system, que lo emplea para resolver los problemas que se le plantean con la competencia de un especialista en la materia y que, además, puede adquirir una destreza semejante a la del experto gracias a la observación del modo de actuar de la máquina. Expert systems are, pues, simultáneamente, un sistema de ejecución y un sistema de transmisión del conocimiento.
Características de los Sistemas Expertos
Para que un sistema computacional actúe como un verdadero experto, es deseable que reúna, en lo posible, lo más importante de las características de un experto humano, That is to say:
Habilidad para adquirir conocimiento.
Solidez en el dominio de su conocimiento.
Capacidad para resolver problemas.
Dada la complejidad de los problemas que usualmente tiene que resolver un SE (SISTEMAS EXPERTOS), There may be some doubt in the user about the validity of the response obtained. For this reason, it is an essential condition that an ES (SISTEMAS EXPERTOS) be capable of explaining its reasoning process and giving reasons for why it requests such information or data.
Tasks of Expert Systems
Among the main tasks that an ES (SISTEMAS EXPERTOS) can perform are the following:
Interpretation: Analysis and synthesis (PROSPECTOR) Simulation, Forecasting prediction
Diagnosis (MYCIN)
Mycin was one of the first expert systems used to diagnose diseases in medicine. The system could identify bacteria that caused severe infections, such as bacteremia and meningitis. The same, it could recommend dosed antibiotics, based on the patient's weight. The name of the program came from antibiotics that often have the suffix mycin. The system was also used to diagnose infectious blood diseases.
Mycin was developed over about five or six years in the early 1970s, at Stanford University. It was written in Lisp and was Edward Shortliffe's doctoral dissertation, under the guidance of Bruce Buchanan, Stanley N. Cohen and others.
Interestingly, Mycin was never used in practice. The system's results were evaluated and it was found that in 69% of the cases, the system arrived at the correct response and diagnosis, which was better than the performance of infectious disease experts, who were judged using the same criteria. It works based on a relatively simple inference scheme, with a knowledge base that ranges around 600 rules. The user has to answer 'yes' or 'no' to Mycin's questions and ultimately gives a list of possible culprit bacteria, which are ranked from highest to lowest in diagnostic probability, as well as their reliability index in diagnostic probability, the reason why it reached those conclusions and the drug treatment that should be given to the patient.
Despite Mycin's success, there were many criticisms about the 'certainty factors' that the system used. Los desarrolladores hicieron estudios que mostraron que el desempeño de Mycin period afectado mínimamente por perturbaciones en ciertas métricas sobre la incertidumbre asociadas a las respuestas dentro de las reglas causa-efecto que usaba, sugiriendo que la potencia del sistema estaba relacionado más con la representación del conocimiento y del esquema de razonamiento que a los detalles de la incertidumbre numérica del modelo.
Hubo estudios posteriores en donde se mostró que el modelo de factores de certeza podía ser interpretado en un sentido probabilístico, y así mostrar problemas con lo que el sistema asume desde un principio dentro del modelo. However, The modular structure of Mycin proved to be very successful, leading to the development of graphical models of Bayesian networks.
Mycin was never used in practice due to the legal problems that arose, more than due to the weakness in the performance of its diagnoses. The primary legal reason for not using it is who would be responsible in case the system misdiagnoses a patient and they suffer the consequences, including eventual death, from a misdiagnosis?
However, Mycin demonstrated the feasibility of creating expert systems based on cause-effect rules and furthermore, explaining its behavior to reach a conclusion. En ese sentido tal vez los sistemas expertos deberían tener más suerte y no verlos como tecnología de software obsoleta.
Supervisión
Design
Education.
Múltiples son los campos de aplicación de los SE (SISTEMAS EXPERTOS) :
Medicina
Aeronáutica
Perspectivas Futuras
En unos pocos años, se prevée que los Sistemas Expertos tendrán una mayor difusión, se abaratará su costo, su programación y utilización serán más fáciles. Los SE (SISTEMAS EXPERTOS) estarán embebidos en diversas aplicaciones, especialmente en software program de uso normal, como el producido por Microsoft; and, en sistemas de supervisión y management.
En el campo de la investigación, se dará énfasis al desarrollo de SE (SISTEMAS EXPERTOS) con capacidad de aprendizaje SE (SISTEMAS EXPERTOS) con sentido común. La aplicación de SE (SISTEMAS EXPERTOS) en simulación y control, permitirá conocer, in an appropriate manner, the behavior of systems and the way to optimize industrial processes.
Future Applications of Artificial Intelligence:
Chat Robots
A chat robot is an artificial intelligence program that intends to simulate a written conversation, with the intention of making a human believe that he is talking to another person.
These computer programs promise to be the future of artificial intelligence applied to the general public.
These robots will be joined by voice and video recognition technologies, to improve interaction with the user
Artificial neural crimson:
Research line that analyzes the feasibility of reconstructing a human brain through a huge neural network. It is presumed possible to recreate the structure of a human brain using Web.
However, this project is tremendously complex, because to this day we do not even know the exact distribution of neurons and their interconnections in a human brain.
Robots with reasoning
Some researchers hope to create a machine that can read passages of texts and answer questions based on the material. En el proceso, Professor Selmer Bringsjord, director del Laboratorio de Inteligencia Artificial y Razonamiento del politécnico, believes that such machines equipped with artificial intelligence (AI) podrán leer planes manuales militares y adaptarse al vuelo en el fragor de la batalla.
The robots of the future will receive instructions by reading them and listening to them. Dijo que una vez que una máquina haya absorbido todas las informaciones relevantes sobre un rubro, como ser factores culturales, históricos y geográficos de una zona, un oficial pueda decir: Esta es la situación precise en Faluya. Vamos a inspeccionar”.
Knowledge Base
In Austin, Texas, the firm Cycorp has been forming a knowledge base called Cyc with the purpose that it constitutes a repository of human knowledge that can make intelligent decisions.
The vice president of research at Cycorp, Michael Witbrock, dijo que Cyc puede razonar sobre la base de 2,5 millones de aseveraciones en su sistema, such as inferring what salary level someone might have based on their job.
There are already machines that recognize verbal commands and faces and make inferences based on experiences, cube el profesor de ciencias de la computación Tom Mitchell, de la Universidad Carnegie Mellon.
Artificial Life
In the future, it is planned to really create an artificial world, that is, for example, immersed within a digital reality, in which we can enter, have a pet, teach it, hit it, make this pet chase rabbits that, in turn, learn to escape from it, and that, basically, has a completely independent existence with respect to us.
A
r, t (also known as Artificial Life I) i, f: i, c ; i, a ; l , with a focus on biochemistry.
STEMI EL ROBOTIC QUE ENSEÑA ROBOTICA Y ES EL MAS PARECIDO A UN SER HUMANO
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